Pathophysiology Ch 10 Alterations in Immune Function Essay

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Pathophysiology Ch 10 Alterations in Immune Function Essay

Scenario

In the provided case scenario, a 42-year-old man visits the clinic after injuring his leg with a string trimmer. While he had cleaned the wound with hose water and tied it with a band-aid, he developed a fever of 100 degrees F several weeks later, coupled with chills, redness, pain, and swollen calf.

Why the Patient Presented the Symptoms Described

Pain, redness, and swelling of the right calf could be attributed to wound infection. Wound infections trigger the body’s immune system, ultimately resulting in tissue damage and inflammation that slows the healing process (McCance & Heather, 2019). Specifically, the client’s wound may be likely infected by staphylococcus bacteria. For patients with staph wound infections, clinical manifestations include high fever, chills, pain, swollen legs, and erythema. The string trimmer could have harbored staphylococcus, a bacteria found in soil and other plant materials. Pathophysiology Ch 10 Alterations in Immune Function Essay. The client also failed to aseptically clean the wound immediately, instead of washing it with hose water, an action that could have contributed to contamination around the wound area. Contaminated hose or water could have served as the source of infection, facilitating the bacteria’s survival. The client also used a large-band aid to cover the wound, which is likely to have facilitated the growth of staphylococcus around the wound area. All these factors are likely to have contributed to wound infection, characterized by symptoms such as redness, swelling, high fever, and increased pain.

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Genes Associated With the Development of the Disease

Staphylococcus aureus has an incredible repertoire of virulence elements that allow the bacteria to withstand extreme conditions in the host’s body. Various genes are linked to the development of staph infections. For instance, HLA Class II genes are essential in this disease development. The proteins encoded by HLA-DRA and HLA-DRB genes create an antigen-binding heterodimer that allows foreign peptides to activate an immune reaction (DeLorenze et al., 2015). Evidence suggests that HLA class II haplotypes influence the susceptibility of humans to staphylococcus infections. The SVA1322 found in Staphylococcus aureus influences the disease process by playing a role in temperature adaptation, antibiotic resistance, and virulence by regulating several genes and proteins convoluted in metabolism and stress tolerance.

Additionally, the SdrD gene is also involved in the development of Staphylococcus infection. Critical in the bacteria’s pathogenesis is its adherence to host cells and other components in the host’s extracellular matrix (Ajayi et al., 2018). The bacteria expresses an array of virulence factors such as the Microbial Surface Component Recognising Adhesive Matrix Molecules (MSCRAMMs) that aid in successful staphylococcus aureus adherence. Pathophysiology Ch 10 Alterations in Immune Function Essay.

The process of Immunosuppression and Its effects on body Systems

According to Soo (2018), immunosuppression is the reduction of the immune system’s efficiency, limiting the capacity of the body to ward off diseases. Some aspects of the immune system may have suppressed effects on the immune system as a whole, and immunosuppression would thus occur as an adverse reaction to treatment in other diseases. Immunosuppression can be intentionally induced with drugs, as it happens during bone marrow or organ transplantation to prevent donor rejection (McCance & Huether, 2019). Immunosuppression affects the body systems as immunosuppressant drugs carry a higher risk of infection. As immunosuppressant medications weaken the body’s immune system, the body becomes less resistant to infections. Here, a person will be more likely to get conditions, and treating existing illnesses will be complex.

References

Ajayi, C., Åberg, E., Askarian, F., Sollid, J. U., Johannessen, M., & Hanssen, A. (2018). Genetic variability in the sdrD gene in staphylococcus aureus from healthy nasal carriers. BMC Microbiology, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-018-1179-7

DeLorenze, G. N., Nelson, C. L., Scott, W. K., Allen, A. S., Ray, G. T., Tsai, A., Quesenberry, C. P., & Fowler, V. G. (2015). Polymorphisms in HLA class II genes are associated with susceptibility toStaphylococcus aureus infection in a white population. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 213(5), 816-823. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv483

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

Soo, P. (2018, July 28). Pathophysiology Ch 10 alterations in immune function [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jz0wx1-jTds

Immunity and Inflammation

Khan Academy (2010, February 24). Inflammatory response | Human anatomy and physiology | Health & medicine [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXSuEIMrPQk .Pathophysiology Ch 10 Alterations in Immune Function Essay.

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 14 minutes.

Soo, P. (2018, July 28). Pathophysiology Ch 10 alterations in immune function [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jz0wx1-jTds

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 37 minutes.

Acid-Base Balance #1

MedCram. (2012, April 28). Medical acid base balance, disorders & ABGs explained clearly [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wMEMhvrQxE

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 13 minutes.

Acid-Base Balance #2

MedCram. (2012, April 29). Medical acid base balance, disorders & ABGs explained clearly | 2 of 8 [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmEeKVTpOKI

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 15 minutes.

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Hyponatremia

MedCram. (2017, December 23). Hyponatremia explained clearly [LK1] (remastered) – Electrolyte imbalances [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLajK5Vy55M

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 15 minutes.

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. Pathophysiology Ch 10 Alterations in Immune Function Essay.

Chapter 1: Cellular Biology; Summary Review
Chapter 2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents(pp. 46-61; begin again with Manifestations of Cellular Injury pp. 83-97); Summary Review
Chapter 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids, and Bases,
Chapter 4: Genes and Genetic Diseases (stop at Elements of formal genetics); Summary Review
Chapter 5: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases (stop at Genetics of common diseases); Summary Review
Chapter 7: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing
Chapter 8: Adaptive Immunity (stop at Generation of clonal diversity); Summary Review
Chapter 9: Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation (stop at Deficiencies in immunity); Summary Review
Chapter 10: Infection (stop at Infectious parasites and protozoans); (start at HIV); Summary Review
Chapter 11: Stress and Disease (stop at Stress, illness & coping); Summary Review
Chapter 12: Cancer Biology (stop at Resistance to destruction);Summary Review
Chapter 13: Cancer Epidemiology (stop at Environmental-Lifestyle factors); Summary Review

Note: You previously read these chapters in Week 1 and you are encouraged to review once again for this week.

Justiz-Vaillant, A. A., & Zito, P. M. (2019). Immediate hypersensitivity reactions. In StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/

Credit Line: Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. (2019, June 18). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/. Used with permission of Stat Pearls.
Note: This article was presented in the Week 1 resources. If you read it previously you are encouraged to review it this week.

Module1_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric

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List View

	Excellent	Good	Fair	Poor
Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following: Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.	28 (28%) – 30 (30%) The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	25 (25%) – 27 (27%) The response describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.	23 (23%) – 24 (24%) The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate. The response includes reasons for the symptoms, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.	0 (0%) – 22 (22%) The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing. The response does not include reasons for the symptoms, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.
Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.	23 (23%) – 25 (25%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.	20 (20%) – 22 (22%) The response includes an accurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.	18 (18%) – 19 (19%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.	0 (0%) – 17 (17%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease is missing.
Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.	28 (28%) – 30 (30%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.	25 (25%) – 27 (27%) The response includes an accurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.	23 (23%) – 24 (24%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.	0 (0%) – 17 (17%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.
Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria. Pathophysiology Ch 10 Alterations in Immune Function Essay.	5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.	4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive.	3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic.	0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided.
Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation	5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.	4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.	3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.	0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.	5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors.	4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.	3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.	0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.
Total Points: 100

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:

Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.

28 (28%) – 30 (30%)

The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

25 (25%) – 27 (27%)

The response describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate reasons, with explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.

23 (23%) – 24 (24%)

The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate.

The response includes reasons for the symptoms, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.

0 (0%) – 22 (22%)

The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing.

The response does not include reasons for the symptoms, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.

Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

23 (23%) – 25 (25%)

The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

20 (20%) – 22 (22%)

The response includes an accurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

18 (18%) – 19 (19%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.

0 (0%) – 17 (17%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate analysis of the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease is missing.

Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

28 (28%) – 30 (30%)

The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

25 (25%) – 27 (27%)

The response includes an accurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

23 (23%) – 24 (24%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

0 (0%) – 17 (17%)

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.

Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:
Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria. Pathophysiology Ch 10 Alterations in Immune Function Essay.

5 (5%) – 5 (5%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.

A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.

4 (4%) – 4 (4%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time.

Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive.

3 (3%) – 3 (3%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time.

Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic.

0 (0%) – 2 (2%)

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time.

No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided.

Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards:
Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation

5 (5%) – 5 (5%)

Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

4 (4%) – 4 (4%)

Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

3 (3%) – 3 (3%)

Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

0 (0%) – 2 (2%)

Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.

Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.

5 (5%) – 5 (5%)

Uses correct APA format with no errors.

4 (4%) – 4 (4%)

Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.

3 (3%) – 3 (3%)

Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.

0 (0%) – 2 (2%)

Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.

Total Points: 100

Pathophysiology Ch 10 Alterations in Immune Function Essay

Pathophysiology Ch 10 Alterations in Immune Function Essay

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