Sports Psychology

Introduction:
• General Info
o Nationality, Birthplace, Parents
o Childhood  What he wanted to do growing up?
• When did he start playing professionally?
• Which teams did he play for?
o Give some of his career statistics and maybe records?
• What trophies has he won with club football and national team of Sweden?
• Style of Play
• What is his personality like? How do people see him in the media? \Sports Psychology
•

Body Paragraphs

Connect the following Sports Psychology Concepts (or even those not listed) to Zlatan Ibrahimović

What is his personality type? Type A, B C, or D?
Give examples through research of where he shows this.

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CATASTROPHE THEORY… OCCURS WHEN? WHAT DOES THE GRAPH LOOK LIKE

• Arousal: is a blend of physiological and psychological activity in a person and it refers to the intensity dimensions of motivation at a particular moment. It ranges from not aroused, to completely aroused, to highly aroused; this is when individuals are mentally and physically activated.

• Performance increases as arousal increases but when arousal gets too high performance dramatically decreases. This is usually caused by the performer becoming anxious and sometimes making wrong decisions. Catastrophes is caused by a combination of cognitive and somatic anxieties. Cognitive is the internal worries of not performing well while somatic is the physical effects of muscle tension/butterflies and fatigue through playing. Sports Psychology

• The graph is an inverted U where the x line is the arousal and the y is the performance. Performance peaks on the top of the inverted U and the catastrophe happens in the fall of the inverted U

HIGH TRAIT ANXIETY ATHLETES… HOW DO THEY PERCEIVE COMPETITION?

• Anxiety: is a negative emotional state in which feelings of nervousness, worry and apprehension are associated with activation or arousal of the body

• Trait Anxiety: is a behavioral disposition to perceive as threatening circumstances that objectively may not be dangerous and to then respond with disproportionate state anxiety.
• Somatic Trait Anxiety: the degree to which one typically perceived heightened physical symptoms (muscle tension)
• Cognitive Trait Anxiety: the degree to which one typically worries or has self doubt
• Concentration Disruption: the degree to which one typically has concentration disruption during competition
People usually with high trait anxiety usually have more state anxiety in highly competitive evaluative situations than do people with lower trait anxiety. Example two athletes are playing basketball and both are physically and statistically the same both have to shoot a final free throw to win the game. Athlete A is more laid back which means his trait anxiety is lower and he doesn’t view the final shot as a overly threatening. Athlete B has a high trait anxiety and because of that he perceives the final shot as very threatening. This has an effect on his state anxiety much more than expected in this specific scenario. Sports Psychology

HIGHLY SKILLED ATHLETES EXPERIENCE LESS STATE ANXIETY AND MORE CONFIDENCE

• State Anxiety: an emotional state characterized by subjective consciously perceived feelings of apprehension and tension accompanied by or associated with activation or arousal of the autonomic nervous system.
• Cognitive State Anxiety: moment to moment changes in worries and negative thoughts
• Somatic State Anxiety: moment to moment changes in perceived physiological arousal
• Perceived Control State Anxiety: the degree to which one has the resources and ability to meet challenges
Example player playing basketball at the start of the game he or she may have a slightly elevated level of anxiety before tip off( nervous feeling heart pumping), lower level once he/she settles into the pace of the game, and then an extremely high level in the closing minute of the game (feeling nervous with his/her heart racing)

HOW ATHLETES PERCEIVE THEIR ANXIETY AND PERFORMANCE

• There is a direct relationship between a person’s level of trait anxiety and state anxiety. Research shows that the athletes who score high on trait anxiety measure a high state anxiety in competition. But this varies a highly trait anxious athlete may have a lot of experience in a particular situation and therefore not perceive it as a threat and have a high state anxiety.

COOPERATION AND ACHIEVEMENT

Achievement Motivation: Refers to a person’s efforts to master a task achieve excellence overcome obstacles perform better than other and take pride in exercising talent.

4 STAGE COMPETITIVE PROCESS/ OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE COMPETITIVE SITUATIONS/ MOST IMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION= SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTIONS OF PERFORMANCE

1. The objective competitive situation
• The persons objective and goal is set
• Martens states that it is better studied when the objective is told to another person
Example Athlete A runs a mile in 8 min and his goal is to hit under 8 today this is competition because only you are aware of the standard of excellence you are striving to beat. Marthens run with a friend and tell him that his goal is to run under 8 min the situation would be competitive because your friend is aware of the criteria.

2. The subjective competitive situation
• How the person perceives, accepts, and appraises the objective competitive situation
Example Athlete A is looking forward in competing in the UEFA Champions League, whereas another athlete, Athlete B which is facing the same objective situation may not be looking forward to competing Sports Psychology

3. The response
• If the decision is not to compete then the response stops there
• Response to compete can occur at the behavioral, physiological or psychological level or at all three levels
Example Behavioral what type of opponent you might want to fight with whether it’s a tough opponent, easy, or better than you. Physiological level heart starts to beat faster and your hands become cold and clammy. Psychological motivation confidence, can be internal or external.
4. The consequences of the response
• Are seen as either positive or negative
• The perception of the consequence is more important than the objective outcome
Example Athlete A loses the match the athlete might still perceive the outcome as positive if he played well and met his own standard of excellence.

SUBJECTIVE COMPETITIVE SITUATION STAGES AND ELEMENTS, EXAMPLE STAGE 2
• Involves how the person perceives accepts and appraises the objective competitive situation
• Stage 2 The Subjective Competitive situation Spoke about it already scroll up for definition and example
• Competitiveness is an enjoyment of competition and desire to strive for success in competitive sport setting
• Win orientation is a focus on interpersonal comparison and winning in competition
• Goal orientation: is a focus on personal performance standards Sports Psychology

EPIGENETICS
• Effects of environment and culture on gene expression
• Certain genetic behaviors will not emerge unless the right environment is present

SENSATION SEEKING BEHAVIOR
Sensation-seeking, also called excitement-seeking, is the tendency to pursue sensory pleasure and excitement.
• Easily bored if they do not get high levels of stimulation.
• Motivated by the immediate gratification that sensory experiences can provide.
• Tend to partake in risky behavior (drugs, extreme sports, reckless driving)
• Risk takers thus they experience more self-growth.

GRIT
• Passion and persistence for long term goals
• Measure of motivation
• Mental toughness

UNDESIRED SIDE EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT
• Can be degreading or shame producing and these feelings have been linked to failure or weakness
• Because of punishment, athletes are afraid of failure. They are more concerned with not failing at a task than actually winning. These athletes perform more poorly and get injured more.
• Athletes may become demotivated if they are constantly punished and may quit the team.

AUTOTELIC PERSONALITY
• Are individuals have a tendency to enjoy activities for its own sake they are likely to experience flow states.
• Flow state is described below

HEXACO PERSONALITY MODEL
• Six dimensional model of human personality
• Honesty- Humility: Sincerity, Fairness, Greed Avoidance
• Emotional Stability: Fearfulness, Sentimentalism, Anxiety, Dependence
• Extraversion: Sociability, Liveliness, Social Self-Esteem
• Agreeableness: Forgivingness, Gentleness, Patience, Flexibility
• Conscientiousness: Organization, Diligence, Perfectionism
• Openness to Experience: Inquisitiveness, Creativity, Unconventionality Sports Psychology

GOAL ORIENTATION FOCUSES ON COMPARING ABILITIES & WINNING
• Compare performance with defeating others

TYPES OF PERFECTIONISM
• Self-oriented Perfectionism: Setting high personal standards and being strict when evaluating oneself to those standards.
• Socially Prescribed: The degree to which someone believes that a significant other holds them to very high standards and they need to meet those standards to seek approval.
• Other- oriented Perfectionism: The degree to which one holds others to extremely high standards.

REINVESTMENT SCALE

VARSITY ATHLETES AND SUBSEQUENT LIFE OUTCOMES
• Varsity Athletes are shown to have a higher grade point average and higher educational aspirations than those who don’t participate on varsity teams

FEEDBACK AFTER FAILURE… EFFECTIVENESS

WHAT IS FLOW… DIMENSIONS?
• Intrinsic motivation and a balance in the individuals perceived abilities and the challenge of the task
• Examined activities such as rock climbing, dancing, chess, music and amateur athletics people do this with great intensity but usually get little or no external reward Sports Psychology
• Dimensions to have flow balance of challenge and skills, complete absorption in the activity, clear goals, merging of action and awareness, total concentration on the task at hand etc
• Achieving Flow
• Motivation to perform
• Achieving optimal arousal level before performing
• Maintaining appropriate focus
• Precompetitive and competitive plans and preparation
• Optimal physical preparation and readiness
• Optimal environmental and situational conditions
• Confidence and mental attitude
• Team play interaction
• Feeling good about performance Sports Psychology