Relationship of Diabetes Education with Readmission Rates Essay

Perform a literature search and critique one of the articles from your literature search that pertains to your researchable problem. Use the attached critique paper to guide you in your critique. Your critique should include a title page, critique of the article, and a reference page. Ensure the title page, critique, and reference page are constructed utilizing correct APA format. There is also an example article critique that you can use as a template and a rubric available for review. Relationship of Diabetes Education with Readmission Rates Essay

Diabetes is a metabolic condition or illness that is characterized by high blood sugar. The disease is emerging as of critical public health importance across the world. For instance, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) statistics for 2021 an estimated 537 million people are suffering from diabetes (Kozioł et al., 2021). The numbers are projected to increase to about 643 million in 2030 and over 780 million by 2045 (Kozioł et al., 2021).  Further, it is estimated that about 9.3% of the people in the United States suffer from diabetes mellitus whereas 28% remain undiagnosed (Faridani et al., 2021). In the UK the prevalence of diabetes between 2012 and 2018 increased by over 20% (Hussain, 2020). Chronic high blood sugar or hyperglycemia among patients that have poorly controlled diabetes end up suffering from damaged systems and organs. When the systems and organs are affected the illness further affects the quality of life through chronic diabetes complications. Such patients present with higher readmission rates compared to those without a history of diabetes. In addition, these readmissions cause longer hospital stays and also increased in-hospital readmission rates. The increasing readmission greatly increases related rehospitalization that ends up increasing indirect and direct costs of healthcare. The rising rates of diabetes are at an alarming rate, however, there is a need to establish the relationship between diabetes education and the readmission rates.

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Title

The title is well-framed and uses simple terms that are easy to understand. It directly guides and directs the reader about the study and the contents to be discussed. The title is specific to the target population which is the inpatients with diabetes. Through the title is also evident that the dependent variables or the clinical outcomes are directly brought out which include readmission rates, mortality rates, and length of stay (LOS). The relationship was not critically felt through the title but is effectively discussed in the subsequent sections. Overall, I feel the title is appropriate as it captures the reader’s attention concerning the area of study.  Relationship of Diabetes Education with Readmission Rates Essay

Abstract 

The abstract is well structured and begins by giving the background of the study regarding the experiences of diabetic patients with regard to readmission, inpatient stay, and mortality rates. The objective of the study is clearly stated which is determining the effectiveness of inpatient diabetes education (IDE) to the patients and its impacts on readmissions and length of stay. Methods of study are well brought out and depended on searches of databases such as MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, BNI, and PubMed. Search criteria used key terms including mortality, readmission, ‘LOS’, and ‘IDE’ to acquire the required literature. Results of the study used about eight studies in total that had achieved inclusion criteria and a total of 3, 828 participants took part. The LOS outcomes were evaluated using the seven studies where the median LOS was 26.67% while the mean LOS was 16.5% which were all lower when compared to the IDE group. The readmission rates were found to be lower by 15.9% for the IDE patients compared to the non-IDE patients. Also, results showed mortality reduced by 36.6% to the IDE patients when compared with the non-Ide group. The concluding remarks from the abstract are that the study depicted the importance of the IDE program in reducing readmission, mortality, and length of stay. I feel that the abstract is strongly developed and structured and presently briefly every other part of the study and the reader is able to get a vivid picture of the entire study from the background, methods, and results to a conclusion.

Introduction

The introduction section is perfectly done. The study is able to capture important data about t prevalence of diabetes in the UK and starts by showing the growing concern for this disease. However, there is little information about the regional and global prevalence of the disease which would have given the reader a better understanding of the importance of this study. However, the introduction provides important information about the negative effects of diabetes on patients, families, and the nation at large. For example, it is stated that an estimated 13 billion pounds were spent in 2012 by the National Health Service (NHS) in managing diabetes-related issues. The introduction brings out in a clear manner the importance of inpatient diabetes education in reducing readmission rates. For instance, the benefits of IDE are stated as one that helps in reinforcing the patients’ understanding and knowledge of diabetes management skills outside the normal healthcare setting. Additionally, the introduction part gave the core elements of IDE to patients including correct insulin administration, identifying classic signs of dysglycaemia, and being aware of the most appropriate treatment. The introduction was superb even though it left out some crucial data on diabetes both from the regional and global perspectives. I feel that the introduction was comprehensive and satisfies the readers’ approach to the art of the study.  Relationship of Diabetes Education with Readmission Rates Essay

Review of literature 

The study has no specific section on the literature review. However, there is huge information from other authors that are based on literature and provides diverse opinions and ideas of other authors concerning the topic of study. The study has used 42 sources that range from 1997-2020. The sources are appropriate as many are recent ones from 2009 hence making the study viable in terms of addressing emerging issues. In addition, the sources are well cited throughout the paper using the right manner and capture every piece of information that has been reviewed by specific authors. I feel that the sources and the literature used are well assimilated throughout the study and this makes the different parts of the study flow and readability.

Sample

The sample size for the study was gotten from five bibliographical databases including BNI, PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and CINAHL. The literature search was done electronically to the five databases in relation to readmission, mortality rates, and LOS. Studies used were independently selected to eliminate any aspect of bias the participants recruited were only those over 18 years and who were suffering from diabetes. At the start an estimated 1, 609 articles including PubMed 135, MEDLINE 257, EMBASE 1, 015, CINAHL 179, and BNI 23 were selected using electronic search systems. After screening only 8 articles were found relevant to the study. The sample size for the 8 articles was 3, 828 participants. I feel that the sample size was adequate for this study and for the generalization of the results.  Relationship of Diabetes Education with Readmission Rates Essay

Instrumentation

An electronic system was used to make the search for the articles to be used and also to screen and filter the most appropriate ones. Findings from selected studies were extracted and presented using a table format. The findings were presented into two categories including study results and characteristics. Descriptive and demographic profiles including age, gender, study design, demographic, and time of intervention were used. Also, narrative synthesis was used in the discussion of the results while PRISMA-Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis tool were applied. I feel the instruments used were efficient in data collection and analysis and in ensuring valid findings were presented.

Experimental procedures 

The evaluation procedure considered the critical areas in the study including the readmission rates, length of stay, and mortality rates. The quality of the methodology of the selected studies was independently done and assessed by the author through the use of the Cochrane Handbook used in the systematic review. Also, the risk of bias was eliminated using the Cochrane Review Manager software of version 5.3 Copenhagen. I feel that these procedures were effective in this study as they helped eliminate bias emanating from the articles used. Relationship of Diabetes Education with Readmission Rates Essay

Results 

The results found out that there was a reduction of 15% in the readmission rates in the IDE patients compared to the non-IDE patients. The mortality rates were also found to be lower by 36.6% for the IDE patients’ compared to the non-IDE patients. Additionally, the length of stay was found to be lower after median calculation by 26.67% in the IDE patients’ compared to the non-IDE patients. The results were clear and were presented using the mean and medium calculations. I feel that the study was straight to the point and evaluated the three main clinical outcomes in relation to the IDE.

Discussion 

The discussion synthesized all the results and findings of the study concerning the effects of IDE on readmission rates, LOS, and mortality rates. For instance, giving education to diabetes patients’ had indicated a positive influence on reducing LOS. In addition, one study was involved in the evaluation of mortality rates among the IDE group. The results indicated that inpatients who received IDE showed lower mortality rates compared to non-IDE patients. The discussion evaluated the nature of readmission and showed that inpatients exposed to IDE had less readmission rates which are attributed to improved skills by patients from this education. The discussion is an interesting one and depicts the ideal nature and importance of IDE to inpatients towards reducing readmission, mortality rates, and length of stay. I feel that the study is worthwhile and influential in determining the importance of inpatient diabetes education (IDE).  Relationship of Diabetes Education with Readmission Rates Essay

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Primary source

Hussain, Zeeshan & Alkharaiji, Mohammed & Idris, Iskandar. (2020). Evaluating the effect of inpatient diabetes education on length of stay, readmission rates, and mortality rates: a systematic review. British Journal of Diabetes. 20. 10.15277/bjd.2020.256.

References

Faridani, L., Abazari, P., Heidarpour, M., Melali, H., & Akbari, M. (2021). The effect of home care on readmission and mortality rate in patients with diabetes who underwent general surgeries. Journal of education and health promotion, 10, 418. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_81_21

Kozioł, M., Towpik, I., Żurek, M., Niemczynowicz, J., Wasążnik, M., Sanchak, Y., Wierzba, W., Franek, E., & Walicka, M. (2021). Predictors of Rehospitalization and Mortality in Diabetes-Related Hospital Admissions. Journal of clinical medicine, 10(24), 5814. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245814 Relationship of Diabetes Education with Readmission Rates Essay